Head J, Although two studies (Kandolin 1996 and Pryce 2006) considered the outcome 'stress' they used different instruments and constructed this outcome in different ways: the former referred to mental stress (measured in the Occupational Stress Questionnaire, Elo 1992) while the latter measured stress symptoms, using three validated fouritem scales: behavioural cognitive and somatic symptoms (developed by Setterlind 1995). Wilson SE, The findings will also be of interest to employee advocacy groups and employer representative organisations. What can economists learn from happiness research? This unit has systemwide responsibilities. Liukkonen V, Sign In Create Free Account. considers both space and time options, from fixed to flexible, which can be illustrated by looking at four quadrants of when and where work is performed. Since 2002 2,160 people like this 2,295 people follow this +63 32 233 8888 depth142@gmail.com College & university Photos See all Videos See all 6:54 The studies of workerorientated flexibility (specifically selfscheduling of shifts and gradual/partial retirement) reported statistically significant improvements in health outcomeswhen comparing experimental and control groups before and after the intervention. Flexitime was shown not to have significant effects on selfreported physiological and psychological health outcomes. The type of work that needs to be accomplished may result in some members of a department or unit having different space and time options across its members. Katoh T. Burnout and work environments of public health nurses involved in mental health care. This right has recently been extended to employees with children aged up to 16 years (BERR 2009). 4. Fekkes M, The Nordic Cochrane Centre. A significant interaction effect on psychological wellbeing was found (F = 5.11, P < 0.05) with mental health improving on the flexible system but worsening on the rigid rota. Fifty-three-year-old Lisa Gauthier, the vice mayor of East Palo Alto, always wanted to go back to school, but could never afford it. 177 home working.mp. Participants in the intervention or control groups did not differ in terms of interference with social and family life at follow up. 176 (career$ adj3 break$). flexi-time which means choosing when to work. Flexible working arrangements to help with the school run or to fit work around childcare are vital in enabling parents to continue their careers while looking after their children. 39 general health questionnaire.ti,ab. In the last few years, the trickle has reached the mainstream. We contacted the authors of all included studies to determine whether unpublished data on differential outcomes by socioeconomic status or demographic characteristics were available. Flexi-time - employees have the freedom to work in any way they choose outside a set of core hours determined by the employer. Whitehead M. The psychosocial and health effects of workplace reorganisation. The importance of supplementary searching in relation to this topic area has been illustrated in two related systematic reviews of shift work (Bambra 2008a; Bambra 2008b) which showed that after searching 27 different databases, 40 out of 66 studies were identified through MEDLINE or EMBASE and half of the remainder were located through citation follow up (Bambra 2009c). The project is based at @ait_research but flexible & remote work are options. Indeed, it can be seen in the health promotion literature more generally that population interventions tend to be taken up (and benefits are experienced) differentially by individuals in high socioeconomic/occupational groups compared with those people with lower income, status or skills (Frohlich 2008). Flexibility of a shift system which responded and attempted to reconcile employers operational needs and employees wishes and needs regarding shift changes, holidays, or days off. 7. the display of certain parts of an article in other eReaders. North F, As unit leaders and supervisors make decisions about flexible work, they should do so by first evaluating the work. We wish to thank Elizabeth Blenkinsopp for assistance with the searches and Ruth Turley for checking the search strategy and for advice on the search process. Method of sampling (simple random, stratified, cluster etc.). 165 (work adj2 life adj2 polic$).mp. We extracted data on sickness absence, health service usage and health/lifestyle behavioural effects when reported alongside the primary outcomes (for examples see Table 2). Any differences in assessment were resolved through discussion with the third author (CB). Riihimaki H, This involved contacting the authors of all included and excluded but closely related studies. 102 nonstandard employ$ contract$.ti,ab. Both studies examine a form of contractual flexibility (gradual/partial retirement) but exposure data are ascertained by selfreport with no checking mechanism and the definition of cases is complex leading to the possible incorporation of error. ABSTRACT. Egan M, . Minors D, Organizations are burdened with how to balance their employees work-life. North F, There were no significant differences between gradual and abrupt retirees in the following mental health outcomes: levels of positive affect (Beta coefficient 0.04 at 12 months, 0.03 at 36 months), negative affect (Beta coefficient 0.02 at 12 months, 0.02 at 36 months) and selfimage (Beta coefficient 0.02 at 12 months, 0.03 at 36 months. Tugwell P, Ketola R, Hamilton V, Benavides FG. The impact of the 80hour resident workweek on surgical residents and attending surgeons. Egan M, Thomson H. The psychosocial and health effects of workplace reorganisation 1: A systematic review of interventions that aim to increase employee participation or control. Two studies fulfilling our inclusion criteria were identified on partial or gradual retirement (Calvo 2009; de Vaus 2007), both of which compared participants retiring gradually with those who retired abruptly. Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews of Interventions Version 5.0.0 [updated February 2008]. This association remained significant after controlling for family poverty status and marital status (b = 0.71, Beta = 0.04, t = 2.98, P < 0.05), Three years of data (1991 to 1993), Britain and Germany, Household Panel Comparability Project, 12month follow up (1992 to 1993) for change in employment status data, In both Britain and Germany no statistically significant differences were noted in perceived health status (likelihood of reporting of fair, poor or very poor health) in those moving from permanent contract at baseline to fixedterm or no contract at follow up when compared with those with permanent contracts at both time points, Measures of wellbeing of coworkers: Significant increases were noted in social support and sense of community, CWW, 5 or 7 8hour shifts with 2 or 3 days off to (a) flexible starts with 4 12hour shifts, then 4 days off or (b) rigid starts with 4 12hour shifts, then 4 days off, 6month follow up, final sample n = 45 27 intervention (a or b) 18 control, (no change) Numbers of participants on flexible and fixed starts unclear presumably approx 50% in each), Interference with social and family life (, No significant changes for interference with social and family life (data not reported), Physical activity (International Physical Activity Questionnaire (, No significant differences in the interaction between time and group for PA, or dietary habits as assessed by the quality of fat or the intake of fibre, caffeine or alcohol, Australia Healthy Retirement Project, male:female ratio unclear, UK Census style measures of general health and limiting longterm illness, Selfreporting, e.g. Rajogopal D, In a study of gradual/partial retirement, de Vaus 2007 used life satisfaction as a quality of life outcome measured using a scale validated by Campbell 1976. Vercoulen JH, Dunn Bonferroni statistics for psychological stress: pretest and first posttest: 0.757, pretest and second posttest: 0.778, second and first posttest: 0.099). Hrm M. Effects of shift rotation and the flexibility of a shift system on daytime alertness and cardiovascular risk factors, Scandinavian Journal of Work, Environment and Health, Measuring the effects of a selfscheduling committee, Job sharing of a director of nursing position: an evaluation report, Canadian Journal of Nursing Administration, Experimental changes in shift schedules: their effects on wellbeing, Mot bttre tider: en utvrdering av ngra av vrdens arbetstidsmodeller med avseende p vlbefinnande och hlsa, The Study Bank: an annualised hours system for staff development, The impact of atypical employment on individual wellbeing: evidence from a panel of British workers. Deeks 2008 warns against the use of metaanalysis in the instance that the statistical combination of results is unlikely to give meaningful results, for example if study outcomes are highly diverse. 29 (mental health or physical health or health risk$ or general health).ti,ab. Flexi or Work or Shift or Hour or Schedule or Job or Time or Sabbatical or Secondment or Scheme or Leave or Freelance or Pay or Contract or Compress. Kant IJ, Bambra C, Benach J, Flexibility is the umbrella term used to describe any role that breaks the traditional norm of a rigid 9-to-5, five-day week structure. Study participants were defined as adults of working age working for profit or pay in formal labour. 181 ((work life or worklife) adj2 balance$). Working Scholars Fund is a fiscally sponsored project ofCommunity Initiatives, Breaking down the barriers to a bachelors degree. Paticipation, achievement, and involvement on the job. de Vaus 2007 used data from an Australian study (the Australian Healthy Retirement Project) spanning three years (1998 to 2001) and examined general health status and a range of mental health indicators measured using validated tools: positive affect (Lawton 1992), negative affect (Lawton 1992) and selfimage (Adelmann 1994; Rosenberg 1965; Scheier 1985). None of the studies provided information on whether or not worker representative organisations were involved in the development and/or delivery of the interventions. 1. This problem is wellrecognised for any review of complex and difficulttodefine interventions (Ogilvie 2005). In our narrative synthesis we reported study findings separately by type of flexibility intervention and described the main characteristics of included studies along with information regarding the study quality and estimates of effect with relevant statistics. Pilot study with individualised duty rotas in public local transport. Virtanen P, Any discrepancies were resolved through discussion between the authors and if consensus was not reached with a third author (CB). Box 1 outlines the six different types of intervention included in this review: selfscheduling/flexible scheduling of shift work; flexitime; overtime; gradual/partial retirement; involuntary parttime work and fixedterm contract. Similarly, it is important to understand the socioeconomic patterning of flexible working arrangements and the impacts such inequalities might have on health and wellbeing. Similarly, analysis was not sex segregated or studies were conducted on single sex samples. DOI: 10.7748/nm.14.3.37.s17; You may switch to Article in classic view. 7. Do connect with me on LinkedInId love to hear stories about innovative and flexible ways of working so we can continue to share the great work being done in this space. Calvo 2009 found no significant changes in depression for either the gradual or the abrupt retirement group between time points. Corporate office of a Midwestern utility organisation, USA. Viitasalo 2008 considered the effects of flexibility of shift scheduling in a study conducted in a line maintenance unit of a Finnish airline company. Brisson C, Unfortunately this is a common problem for systematic reviews of the effects of interventions on health inequalities (Bambra 2009a). We undertook a narrative synthesis as there was substantial heterogeneity between studies. Affordable For as low as $12,000 in total, a Working Scholar can complete one of 17 bachelor's degrees. Department for Business Enterprise and Regulatory Reform. There were two exceptions: a study by Kandolin 1996 provided some details regarding how the intervention was designed and implemented and a study by Pryce 2006 included a good level of detail on the study context. Welch V, One study of overtime working (temporal flexibility) by De Raeve 2007 did report results differentially by gender but found no significant effect of overtime working on need for recovery or psychological distress in either males or females. Leppnen A, For example, high psychological job demands combined with low control or decision latitude (a combination known as high job strain) in the workplace have been associated with adverse outcomes relating to risk of coronary heart disease (Bosma 1997), mental health (Stansfeld 1999) and sickness absence (North 1996). Excluded due to design, not an intervention study, no before measures. Akerstedt T, Due to the small number of studies retrieved in our review and the absence of outcome reporting by occupational grade we are unable to provide data to support or oppose these hypotheses. KailaKangas L, Benach J, In: Higgins JPT, Green S (editors). See: Characteristics of included studies; Characteristics of excluded studies; Characteristics of ongoing studies. 156 (temp$ employ$ or temp$ contract$).ti,ab. Consider both individual and collective productivity. The effects of contractual flexibility on selfreported health (with the exception of gradual/partial retirement, which when controlled by employees improved health outcomes) were either equivocal or negative. Stansfeld S, Smith 1998 drew attention to the effect of motivational issues (that is whether or not workers support the intervention) on the acceptance and adjustment to work schedule changes. There is also a need to consider the costeffectiveness of flexible working arrangements. Grzywacz JG, consumption of fast food), EORTC (European Organisation for Research and Treatment of Cancer) Quality of Life Questionnaire, Health and wellbeing of children and family members, Unclear but likely to be employer orientated, Compressed working week with flexibility regarding start/finish times.

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