Therefore, we found that constant comparison was widely reported. 0000003897 00000 n the iterative process), but coding techniques (and other analytic strategies) are flexible. We restricted our focus to sport psychology studies only. More concerning was that theoretical saturation was not addressed in 13 articles, which is problematic from a theory-building perspective. Course Hero uses AI to attempt to automatically extract content from documents to surface to you and others so you can study better, e.g., in search results, to enrich docs, and more. However, no single specific technique or procedure ensures theoretical sensitivity. 0000005509 00000 n Registered in England & Wales No. <> Corbin & Strauss, 2015). 366 0 obj The philosophical assumptions associated with Straussian GTM have evolved. In some articles, the researchers self-evaluated the grounded theory by commenting on criteria such as fit, work, relevance, modifiability, and credibility (e.g. We also acknowledge that other scholars view GTM as more methodologically dynamic. When you use family systems theory to predict how family relationships function, is it as clear what variables you. Following Holt and Tamminen (2010a), the inclusion criteria for the rapid review were that the (a) authors must have directly claimed the use of GTM in the text and (b) there must have been multiple references to GTM techniques and procedures in the article. For example, in his 1978 book, Glaser introduced his view of theoretical coding and the 18 coding families as ways to enhance theoretical sensitivity. 0000004766 00000 n Cartigny et al., 2019; Elliott et al., 2020; Fletcher & Sarkar, 2012; Roy-Davis et al., 2017; Russell et al., 2020; Whitley et al., 2018). consequential/ conditional matrix). In this paper, we use the term GTM to refer to the methodology and reserve the term grounded theory to refer to the theory produced using GTM. Theory, Positivism, Hermeneutics, Pragmatism. In using a set of characteristics to define properties of GTM, we are entering what Charmaz (2006) described as ambiguous terrain (p. 180). Porter et al., 2013; Slater et al., 2012; Thrower et al., 2016). Did you know that with a free Taylor & Francis Online account you can gain access to the following benefits? Cartigny et al., 2019; Cruickshank et al., 2014, 2015; Evans et al., 2013; Gledhill & Harwood, 2015; Groom et al., 2011; Kendellen & Camir, 2019; Pierce et al., 2016; Roy-Davis et al., 2017; Tamminen & Holt, 2012; Thrower et al., 2016). PDF | On Jan 1, 2001, Eugnia M. Fernandes and others published Grounded theory | Find, read and cite all the research you need on ResearchGate The use of an iterative process (i.e. trailer Many grounded theorists talk about theory but few define it (p. 123). uuid:d9fd0bd1-1dd1-11b2-0a00-d300a8efd6ff Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. *&c8[Ve9f:$(Ar"s9=CDun%6t-y. Arbortext Advanced Print Publisher 10.0.1465/W Unicode Glaser and Strauss (1967) argued that researchers lose theoretical sensitivity when they adopt a pet theory (p. 46) that is, one specific preconceived theory too early in the research process. We hope to have included a sufficient sample of articles that enables the adequate analysis of the use of GTM in the sport psychology literature. Constant comparison the original technique upon which GTM is founded (Glaser, 1965) is interwoven with the iterative process and involves comparing incidents with incidents, data with data, concepts with concepts, in order to classify data and develop theory (Corbin & Strauss, 2015). To do this we have first to explicate some of, the procedural steps of grounded theory. As such, scholars have suggested that the original Glaser and Strauss GTM is most strongly underpinned by objectivism and closest to positivist approaches (Timonen et al., 2018, p. 2). Nonetheless, we found most articles explained coding techniques in detail. Whereas there is some benefit in associating each variant with a philosophical position, the philosophical underpinnings of GTM are more nuanced than simple classification. For example, if a study refereed to theoretical sampling, it was coded as having addressed this procedure. Interview guide based on an extensive review of relevant research (, Reported using a conditional/consequential matrix, which encouraged theoretical sensitivity, with exploration between macro and micro themes that had emerged from the data analysis (, initial coding then conceptualized emerging themes into categories, memos, conditional/consequential matrix (, Literature provided a loose framework for initial interview guides (, Focus coding, development of theoretical categories, memos, diagrams (pp. The statistical population included sports management professors, sport For example, Weed (2017) described the Glaserian approach as realist-positivist, the Straussian approach as realist-interpretivist, and Charmazs approach as constructivist-interpretivist. Recommended articles lists articles that we recommend and is powered by our AI driven recommendation engine. We also acknowledge that our review essentially involves applying a checklist to report the presence of GTM techniques and procedures rather than evaluating the quality of their application and and the knowledge created. 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In broad terms, GTMs are systematic and flexible approaches for collecting and analysing qualitative data in order to construct theories that are grounded in the data (Charmaz, 2006; Corbin & Strauss, 2015). This preview shows page 1 - 3 out of 42 pages. 0000006328 00000 n 0000002235 00000 n There were issues with the coding techniques reported in some articles. Recent work driven by Corbin (e.g. Basic/fundamental coding techniques of GTM used were reported in all 35 articles. Three articles (McDavid & McDonough, 2019; Omli & LaVoi, 2012; Tshube & Feltz, 2015) did not include a substantive grounded theory, instead presenting a descriptive list of themes. Qualitative Sociology, Vol. 9-10), Not specifically addressed. A rapid review was appropriate given that we did not set out to extract, analyze, or appraise data or results from primary studies (our review was limited to methodological features of articles only) and we limited our search to seven pre-determined journals in a disciplinary area. Twenty-two of the 35 included studies met all, or all but one, of the criteria we applied. false Did you report how you assessed the grounded theory outcome? 82 0 obj Grounded theory was first introduced more than 50 years ago, but researchers are often still uncertain about how to implement it. 2We wish to thank Kathy Charmaz, Adele Clarke, Uta Gerhardt, Barney Glaser, David Maines. Nonetheless, key areas for improvement are theoretical sampling, theoretical saturation, assessment of the grounded theory, and the sophisticated positioning of theoretical sensitivity. "_ABghS$_n+%zicjJ6HsH$_[C_|PTXmoFg`ai191U0nIJ} !%B@!Gdk]J7} ar#)qU;&X(]0^."{;De$%"b"}-% 98/DV{{,i#+VWHk*EZhD"p5b Cathy Charmaz also contributed to the development of GTM with her variant of constructivist grounded theory (e.g. Bruce, 2007; Holt & Tamminen, 2010a, 2010b), we present some principles for GTM in Table 2. Consider providing a diagram or figure representing the theory. 0 0000010410 00000 n In terms of areas for improvement, the least widely reported procedures were theoretical sampling (reported in 22 of 35 studies), theoretical saturation (22 of 35 studies), and assessment of theory (22 of 35 studies). 0000013195 00000 n Theoretical concepts appeared to have been used to frame study and concepts appear to have been used within analysis, Open coding, axial coding, selective coding, diagrams, and memos (, Used theoretical concepts to frame study. Inviting feedback from others whether it be participants, researchers, or practitioners offers a way of assessing the conceptual and practical qualities of a grounded theory. Theoretical sensitivity was further enhanced by being a relative outsiders within high performance tennis centres (, Open coding, axial coding, theoretical integration, conditional/consequential matrix, diagrams, memos (pp. We also acknowledge that our criteria are somewhat of a checklist rather than an assessment of how well procedures and techniques have been applied. h1@ a Over time, Glaser and Strauss began to dispute various aspects of the methodology as Strauss started to develop his own techniques and ways of thinking about data.

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