It is also highly likely that it was during this period that all of the pyramid and tomb complexes were looted. James P. Allen, "The Military Campaign of Thutmose III", in Catherine Roehrig (ed.). Ahhotep I (Ancient Egyptian: j-tp, alternatively Anglicized Ahhotpe or Aahhotep, "Iah (the Moon) is satisfied") was an ancient Egyptian queen who lived circa 15601530 BC, during the end of the Seventeenth Dynasty of Egypt.She was the daughter of Queen Tetisheri (known as Teti the Small) and Senakhtenre Ahmose, and was probably the sister, as well as the queen consort, of Muhammad Ali, dissatisfied with the treaty concluded with the Saudis, and with the non-fulfillment of certain of its clauses, determined to send another army to Arabia, and to include in it the soldiers who had recently proved unruly. Like many royal houses, members of the Ptolemaic dynasty often married within the family to preserve the purity of their bloodline. . Aurangzeb also ordered the execution of the Sikh guru Tegh Bahadur, leading to the militarization of the Sikh community. Compared to Western Europe, Egypt also had superior agriculture and an efficient transport network through the Nile. Nectanebo II was the last native king to rule Egypt. Many monuments were built during the Mughal era by the Muslim emperors, especially Shah Jahan, including the Taj Mahala UNESCO World Heritage Site considered "the jewel of Muslim art in India and one of the universally admired masterpieces of the world's heritage",[156] attracting 78 million unique visitors a year. [100], To consolidate Umayyad rule after the Second Fitna, the Marwanids launched a series of centralization, Islamization and Arabization measures. According to certain traditions, Abu Hashim died in 717 in Humeima in the house of Muhammad ibn Ali, the head of the Abbasid family, and before dying named Muhammad ibn Ali as his successor. Djeser-Djeseru and the other buildings of Hatshepsut's Deir el-Bahri complex are significant advances in architecture. The Ptolemaic Kingdom (/ t l m e. The effectiveness of the new force was demonstrated in the suppression of an 1823 revolt of the Albanians in Cairo by six disciplined Sudanese regiments; after which Mehemet Ali was no more troubled with military mutinies. From the caliphate's north-western African bases, a series of raids on coastal areas of the Visigothic Kingdom paved the way to the permanent occupation of most of Iberia by the Umayyads (starting in 711), and on into south-eastern Gaul (last stronghold at Narbonne in 759). [162], Though the Mughals were of Turko-Mongol origin, their reign enacted the revival and height of the Persian language in the Indian subcontinent. Besides what was recovered from KV20 during Howard Carter's clearance of the tomb in 1903, other funerary furniture belonging to Hatshepsut has been found elsewhere, including a lioness "throne" (bedstead is a better description), a senet game board with carved lioness-headed, red-jasper game pieces bearing her pharaonic title, a signet ring, and a partial shabti figurine bearing her name. By 2160 BC, a new line of pharaohs, the Ninth and Tenth Dynasties, consolidated Lower Egypt from their capital in Heracleopolis Magna. Many of these buildings feature Byzantine stylistic and architectural features, such as Roman mosaics and Corinthian columns. [132][pageneeded] Its handloom industry flourished under royal warrants, making the region a hub of the worldwide muslin trade, which peaked in the 17th and 18th centuries. He replaced the tribute system, previously common in India and used by Tokugawa Japan at the time, with a monetary tax system based on a uniform currency. [58], Mu'awiya's main challenge was reestablishing the unity of the Muslim community and asserting his authority and that of the caliphate in the provinces amid the political and social disintegration of the First Fitna. The oracle declared him the son of Amun. Recent excavations near the pyramids led by Mark Lehner have uncovered a large city that seems to have housed, fed and supplied the pyramid workers. The four major sections of the city were the Necropolis, known for its spectacular gardens, the Egyptian quarter called Rhakotis, the Royal Quarter, and the Jewish Quarter. This policy also boosted Mu'awiya's popularity and solidified Syria as his power base. It was in this era that formerly independent states became nomes (districts) ruled solely by the pharaoh. He was a Melkite Christian official of the early Umayyad Caliphate. This is not a comprehensively exhaustive list and may require further additions or historical verification. [87] Another son, Muhammad, was appointed to suppress Zufar's rebellion in the Jazira. Continued desiccation forced the early ancestors of the Egyptians to settle around the Nile more permanently and forced them to adopt a more sedentary lifestyle. Passing in review all the departments of the administration, he laid down the general lines on which the country was to be restored to order and prosperity, and endowed, if possible, with the elements of self-government for future use. Named after the founder, Idris I, the Idrisids were an Alid and Hasanid dynasty, descended from Muhammad. [175] The Kalb tribe had remained largely neutral when the Muslims first went into Syria. There was a royal lady of the 21st dynasty of the same name, however, and for a while, it was thought possible that it could have belonged to her instead. When in 198 Palestine was conquered by King Antiochus III (reigned 223187 bce) of the Syrian Seleucid dynasty, the Jews were treated even more liberally, being granted a He died a mere six months into his reign. Their most famous constructions include the Dome of the Rock at Jerusalem and the Umayyad Mosque at Damascus,[180] and other constructions include Hisham's Palace, Qusayr' Amra, the Great Mosque of Kairouan and the Great Mosque of Aleppo. In spring 2007, the unidentified body, called KV60A, was finally removed from the tomb by Dr. Zahi Hawass and brought to Cairo's Egyptian Museum for testing. An important innovation in shipbuilding was the introduction of a flushed deck design in Bengal rice ships, resulting in hulls that were stronger and less prone to leak than the structurally weak hulls of traditional European ships built with a stepped deck design. [23] Leaders of the Ansar, the natives of Medina who had provided Muhammad safe haven after his emigration from Mecca in 622, discussed forwarding their own candidate out of concern that the Muhajirun, Muhammad's early followers and fellow emigrants from Mecca, would ally with their fellow tribesmen from the former Qurayshite elite and take control of the Muslim state. The diffusion of the spinning wheel, and the incorporation of the worm gear and crank handle into the roller cotton gin led to greatly expanded Indian cotton textile production during the Mughal era. The promise of resurrection after death was a tenet of the cult of Osiris. Mass conversions also created a growing population of Muslims in the territory of the Caliphate. This assessment of the situation probably is too simplistic, however. The Mughal Empire was definitive in the early-modern and modern periods of South Asian history, with its legacy in India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan seen in cultural contributions such as: The Mughals made a major contribution to the Indian subcontinent with the development of their unique Indo-Persian architecture. Cleopatra VII Philopator (Greek: , "Cleopatra the father-beloved"; 69 BC 10 August 30 BC) was Queen of the Ptolemaic Kingdom of Egypt from 51 to 30 BC, and its last active ruler. [citation needed] He created a new ruling elite loyal to him, implemented a modern administration, and encouraged cultural developments. The Umayyad troops were divided into three divisions: infantry, cavalry, and artillery. [127][128] Carthage was captured and destroyed in 698,[102][128] signaling "the final, irretrievable end of Roman power in Africa", according to Kennedy. The broken obelisk was left at its quarrying site in Aswan, where it still remains. [9][10], Her husband Thutmose II was the son of Thutmose I and a secondary wife named Mutnofret, who carried the title 'King's daughter' and was probably a child of Ahmose I. Hatshepsut and Thutmose II had a daughter named Neferure. [47] Ali was assassinated by a Kharijite in January 661. [160], To assist the Caliph in administration there were six boards at the centre: Diwan al-Kharaj (the Board of Revenue), Diwan al-Rasa'il (the Board of Correspondence), Diwan al-Khatam (the Board of Signet), Diwan al-Barid (the Board of Posts), Diwan al-Qudat (the Board of Justice) and Diwan al-Jund (the Military Board). 231, 2011, p. 4143. This tradition allowed the Abbasids to rally the supporters of the failed revolt of Mukhtar, who had represented themselves as the supporters of Muhammad ibn al-Hanafiyya. Even the earliest pro-Shia accounts of al-Masudi are more balanced. Under king Piye, the Nubian founder of Twenty-Fifth Dynasty, the Nubians pushed north in an effort to crush his Libyan opponents ruling in the Delta. Hatshepsut's legacy is oftentimes dominated by a debate regarding the extent of whether her reign challenged or upheld the patriarchy. Timeline of Major Events in the Life of Cleopatra, Famous People Who Worked at the Ancient Library of Alexandria, World History Timelines - Mapping Two Million Years of Humanity, Women Rulers of the Ancient and Classical World. When Wahabis captured Mecca in 1802, the Ottoman sultan ordered Muhammad Ali of Egypt to start moving against Wahabbis to re-conquer Mecca and return the honour of the But Birbal said, The cotton boll. 'sons-in-law'). When Wahabis captured Mecca in 1802, the Ottoman sultan ordered Muhammad Ali of Egypt to start moving against Wahabbis to re-conquer Mecca and return the honour of the Ottoman Empire. For two years the Dual Control governed Egypt. [30] Umar's exceptional treatment of Abu Sufyan's sons may have stemmed from his respect for the family, their burgeoning alliance with the powerful Banu Kalb tribe as a counterbalance to the influential Himyarite settlers in Homs who viewed themselves as equals to the Quraysh in nobility or the lack of a suitable candidate at the time, particularly amid the plague of Amwas which had already killed Abu Ubayda and Yazid. [1], Archaeological evidence has attested that population settlements occurred in Nubia as early as the Late Pleistocene era and from the 5th millennium BC onwards, whereas there is "no or scanty evidence" of human presence in the Egyptian Nile Valley during these periods, which may be due to problems in site preservation.[2]. [42] Humayun's exile in Persia established diplomatic ties between the Safavid and Mughal Courts, and led to increasing Persian cultural influence in the later restored Mughal Empire. Towards the end of 1847, the aged pasha's previously sharp mind began to give way, and by the following June he was no longer capable of administering the government. Amenemhat forcibly pacified internal unrest, curtailed the rights of the nomarchs, and is known to have launched at least one campaign into Nubia. [52] Syria's emergence as the metropolis of the Umayyad Caliphate was the result of Mu'awiya's twenty-year entrenchment in the province, the geographic distribution of its relatively large Arab population throughout the province in contrast to their seclusion in garrison cities in other provinces, and the domination of a single tribal confederation, the Kalb-led Quda'a, as opposed to the wide array of competing tribal groups in Iraq. [62] In return for recognizing his suzerainty, maintaining order, and forwarding a token portion of the provincial tax revenues to Damascus, the caliph let his governors rule with practical independence. A Long History of Urdu Literary Culture, Part 1: Naming and Placing a Literary Culture", "Islamic Mughal Empire: War Elephants Part 3", "Rockets in Mysore and Britain, 17501850 A.D.", "A journey through Persia, Armenia and Asia Minor", The History of India, as Told by Its Own Historians. Another result was the international control of the railways and the port of Alexandria, to balance these items. Her cartouches and images were chiseled off some stone walls, leaving very obvious Hatshepsut-shaped gaps in the artwork. Ptolemy, the son of Alexander's general Lagos, was first established as the governor of the satrapy of Egypt, but officially became the first Ptolemaic pharaoh of Egypt in 305 BCE. Consequently, there may be discrepancies between dates shown here and in articles on particular rulers or topics related to ancient Egypt. The Ptolemaic pharaohs held lavish panhellenic events, including a festival held every four years called the Ptolemaieia which was intended to be equal in status to the Olympic games. The dynasty in most of the Islamic world was eventually overthrown by a rebellion led by the Abbasids in 750. From it emerged some of the first Muslim states outside the Caliphate. Cleopatra wears the solar disk and horns associated with the goddess Hathor as well as the Atef crown while Caesarean wears the double crown of Egypt (the Pschent). The city of Alexandria also boasted of the Pharos lighthouse, and the Mouseion, a library and research institute for scholarship and scientific inquiry. The famous Rosetta Stone, which proved to be the key to unlocking the ancient Egyptian language, was carved in 196 BCE, during the reign of Ptolemy V. Outside of the wealth and opulence of Alexandria, there was famine, rampant inflation, and an oppressive administrative system under the control of corrupt local officials. https://www.thoughtco.com/rulers-of-the-ptolemies-172247 (accessed November 4, 2022). "[112], Mughal agriculture was in some ways advanced compared to European agriculture at the time, exemplified by the common use of the seed drill among Indian peasants before its adoption in Europe. It was not only the very existence of the Ottoman empire that seemed to be at stake, but Egypt itself had become more than ever the object of international attention, to British statesmen especially, and in the issue of the struggle were involved the interests of Britain in the two routes to India by the Isthmus of Suez and the valley of the Euphrates. Naval battles were waged on ships built with a catamaran structure which increased the deck space for marines, and for the first time artillery was mounted aboard those ships as well. The erasure of Hatshepsut's nameby the men who succeeded her for whatever reason (besides misogyny)almost caused her to disappear from Egypt's archaeological and written records. [118] From Bengal, saltpeter was also shipped to Europe, opium was sold in Indonesia, raw silk was exported to Japan and the Netherlands, and cotton and silk textiles were exported to Europe, Indonesia and Japan. pp. [16], Dating the beginning of her reign is more difficult, however. The taxes were habitually collected many months in advance, and the colossal floating debt was increasing rapidly. Some generals wanted all of Alexander's territory to stay unified, but that proved untenable. The country was reunited by the Twenty-Second Dynasty founded by Shoshenq I in 945 BC (or 943 BC), who descended from Meshwesh immigrants, originally from Ancient Libya. [100][101] The suppression of the revolt marked the end of the Iraqi muqtila as a military force and the beginning of Syrian military domination of Iraq. For this, KV20, originally quarried for her father, Thutmose I, and probably the first royal tomb in the Valley of the Kings, was extended with a new burial chamber. The first 30 divisions come from the 3rd century BC Egyptian priest Manetho, whose Aegyptaiaca, was The taxes to the central government were calculated and negotiated by the people's political representatives. The second kings cartouche showed an ibis (a wading bird) followed by the same middle sign as in Ramesses cartouche (Champollion useful mainly for determining the chronology of Ptolemaic rulers. Abdullah I, their chief, was made prisoner and with his treasurer and secretary was sent to Istanbul (in some references he was sent to Cairo), where, in spite of Ibrahim's promise of safety and of Muhammad Ali's intercession in their favor,[citation needed] they were put to death. The Achaemenid empire had ended, and for a while Egypt was a satrapy in Alexander's empire. It lasted from 1803 to 1807 with the Albanian Muhammad Ali Pasha taking control of Egypt in 1805, when the Ottoman Sultan acknowledged his position. Thereafter, the British East India Company became the protectors of the Mughal dynasty in Delhi. Around 746, Abu Muslim assumed leadership of the Hashimiyya in Khurasan. This temple was altered later, and some of its inside decorations were usurped by Seti I of the Nineteenth Dynasty in an attempt to have his name replace that of Hatshepsut. During the Umayyad period, mass conversions brought Persians, Berbers, Copts, and Aramaic to Islam. [14] Copper instead of stone was increasingly used to make tools[14] and weaponry. The Idrisid dynasty or Idrisids (Arabic: al-Adrisah) were an Arab Muslim dynasty from 788 to 974, ruling most of present-day Morocco and parts of present-day western Algeria. [22] Under this theory, the Egyptian rulers of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth dynasties were unable to stop these new migrants from traveling to Egypt from the Levant because their kingdoms were struggling to cope with various domestic problems, including possibly famine and plague. [32][33] He appointed his family members as governors over the regions successively conquered under Umar and himself, namely much of the Sasanian Empire, i.e. The funds helped pay for the elaborate dredging equipment brought in to replace the labour and needed to complete the canal. [citation needed] As the Mughals tried to suppress the independence of the Nizam in the Deccan, he encouraged the Marathas to invade central and northern India. [70] Yazid acceded after Mu'awiya's death in 680 and almost immediately faced a challenge to his rule by the Kufan partisans of Ali who had invited Ali's son and Muhammad's grandson Husayn to stage a revolt against Umayyad rule from Iraq. For the next ten years relations between the Sultan and the Pasha remained in the forefront of the questions which agitated the diplomatic world. With no fleet to protect the city, British battleships easily bombarded the city, forcing many civilians to migrate. This group is named for the burials found at Deir Tasa, a site on the east bank of the Nile between Asyut and Akhmim. [58], Shah Jahan's eldest son, the liberal Dara Shikoh, became regent in 1658, as a result of his father's illness. In ancient Egyptian history, dynasties are series of rulers sharing a common origin. The Oxford History of the Biblical World. The employment of Christians was part of a broader policy of religious accommodation that was necessitated by the presence of large Christian populations in the conquered provinces, as in Syria. [33] In Medina, he relied extensively on the counsel of his Umayyad cousins, the brothers al-Harith and Marwan ibn al-Hakam. By clicking Accept All Cookies, you agree to the storing of cookies on your device to enhance site navigation, analyze site usage, and assist in our marketing efforts. The emperor lost authority, as the widely scattered imperial officers lost confidence in the central authorities, and made their own deals with local men of influence. Particularly, this meant that the Mughal emperor was considered the supreme authority on legal affairs. He sought to recover territories in the Levant that had been held by the Eighteenth Dynasty. [79][80] The central government was headed by the Mughal emperor; immediately beneath him were four ministries. Az-Zuhri stated that Muawiya led the Hajj Pilgrimage with the people twice during his era as caliph. The history of the events that led up to the battle of Navarino and the liberation of Greece is told elsewhere; the withdrawal of the Egyptians from the Morea was ultimately due to the action of Admiral Sir Edward Codrington, who early in August 1828 appeared before Alexandria and induced the pasha, by no means sorry to have a reasonable excuse, by a threat of bombardment, to sign a convention undertaking to recall Ibrahim and his army. [160], As the empire grew, the number of qualified Arab workers was too small to keep up with the rapid expansion of the empire. In these circumstances Ismail had to realize his remaining assets, and among them sold 176,602 Suez Canal shares to the British government for 976,582, which surrendered Egyptian control of the waterway. When 19th-century Egyptologists started to interpret the texts on the Deir el-Bahri temple walls (which were illustrated with two seemingly male kings) their translations made no sense. Professing to be quite satisfied with this arrangement, he announced that Egypt was no longer in Africa but a part of Europe. A new and Mughal forces defeated by the Marathas at the. [24] The Hyksos rapidly withdrew to the north and Thebes regained some independence under the Seventeenth Dynasty. [130] The Mughals introduced agrarian reforms, including the modern Bengali calendar. Yazid III has received a certain reputation for piety and may have been sympathetic to the Qadariyya. Hyksos (/ h k s s /; Egyptian q(w)-swt, Egyptological pronunciation: hekau khasut, "ruler(s) of foreign lands") is a term which, in modern Egyptology, designates the kings of the Fifteenth Dynasty of Egypt (fl. [132] Despite the distance from the Arab garrison towns of Khurasan, the unfavorable terrain and climate and his enemies' numerical superiority,[133] Qutayba, through his persistent raids, gained the surrender of Bukhara in 706709, Khwarazm and Samarkand in 711712 and Farghana in 713. Modern Arab nationalism regards the period of the Umayyads as part of the Arab Golden Age which it sought to emulate and restore. [51][52] He "was addicted to opium, neglected the affairs of the state, and came under the influence of rival court cliques". The main city of prehistoric Upper Egypt was Nekhen. Marwan immediately moved the capital north to Harran, in present-day Turkey. Artaxerxes III (358338 BC) reconquered the Nile valley for a brief period (343332 BC). [143], On the Byzantine front, Sulayman took up his predecessor's project to capture Constantinople with increased vigor. Kremer-Baravelli and Monsieur de Blignires. Through warfare and diplomacy, Akbar was able to extend the empire in all directions and controlled almost the entire Indian subcontinent north of the Godavari River. Aurangzeb defeated Dara in 1659 and had him executed. [9] Sugar mills appeared in India shortly before the Mughal era. 7177. [91] The growth of manufacturing industries in the Indian subcontinent during the Mughal era in the 17th18th centuries has been referred to as a form of proto-industrialization, similar to 18th-century Western Europe prior to the Industrial Revolution. It is one of the best preserved shrines in Egypt. She employed the great architect Ineni, who also had worked for her father, her husband, and for the royal steward Senenmut. This situation may actually have made the widespread conversion to Islam undesirable from the point of view of state revenue, and there are reports that provincial governors actively discouraged such conversions. The latter was to prove unable to resist and Thebes fell to the Hyksos for a very short period c. 1580 BC. [29] One proposed cause is the Hekla 3 eruption in Iceland, but the dating of that event remains in dispute. After the battle, the centre of Mughal power became Agra instead of Kabul. Bickerstaffe, Dylan, "The Discovery of Hatshepsut's 'Throne," KMT, Spring 2002, pp. [34][170][171] By the time he was invited by Lodi governor of Lahore, Daulat Khan, to support his rebellion against Lodi Sultan Ibrahim Khan, Babur was familiar with gunpowder firearms and field artillery, and a method for deploying them. Muhammad Ali showed much favor, to European merchants, on whom he was dependent for the sale of his monopoly exports, and under his influence the port of Alexandria again rose into importance. Josephus and Julius Africanus both quote Manetho's king list, mentioning a woman called Amessis or Amensis who has been identified (from the context) as Hatshepsut. [36] He had the surplus taxes from the wealthy provinces of Kufa and Egypt forwarded to the treasury in Medina, which he used at his personal disposal, frequently disbursing its funds and war booty to his Umayyad relatives. [40][41] Backed by one of Muhammad's wives, A'isha, they attempted to rally support against Ali among the troops of Basra, prompting the caliph to leave for Iraq's other garrison town, Kufa, where he could better confront his challengers. He is documented, further, as having usurped many of Hatshepsut's accomplishments during his own reign. Funeral practices for the elite resulted in the construction of mastabas, which later became models for subsequent Old Kingdom constructions such as the step pyramid, thought to have originated during the Third Dynasty of Egypt. Another short lived dynasty might have done the same in central Egypt, profiting from the power vacuum created by the fall of the Thirteenth Dynasty and forming the Abydos Dynasty. Contemporaries referred to the empire founded by Babur as the Timurid Empire, which reflected the heritage of his dynasty, and this was the term preferred by the Mughals themselves.. After the fall of the Old Kingdom came a roughly 200-year stretch of time known as the First Intermediate Period, which is generally thought to include a relatively obscure set of pharaohs running from the end of the Sixth to the Tenth and most of the Eleventh Dynasties. They left Cairo in July 1820. Therefore, they held to a less universalist conception of Islam than did many of their rivals. [22][23] These taxes, which amounted to well over half the output of a peasant cultivator,[24] were paid in the well-regulated silver currency,[21] and caused peasants and artisans to enter larger markets. The Middle Kingdom of Egypt (also known as The Period of Reunification) is the period in the history of ancient Egypt following a period of political division known as the First Intermediate Period.The Middle Kingdom lasted from approximately 2040 to 1782 BC, stretching from the reunification of Egypt under the reign of Mentuhotep II in the Eleventh Dynasty to the end of the Processed products included cotton textiles, yarns, thread, silk, jute products, metalware, and foods such as sugar, oils and butter. [citation needed] She had taken a strong role as queen to her husband and was well experienced in the administration of her kingdom by the time she became pharaoh. For example, it is unclear how panchayats (village councils) operated in the Mughal era. The government, being too weak to suppress the agitation and disorder, had to make concessions, and each concession produced fresh demands. [106][107], According to Moosvi, Mughal India had a per-capita income, in terms of wheat, 1.24% higher in the late 16th century than British India did in the early 20th century. Studies 26 (2011): 97. Some of these buildings, such as the Umayyad Mosque of Damascus, reflect the diversity of the empire, as thousands of Greek, Persian, Coptic, Indian and Persian craftsmen were conscripted to construct them. 'sons-in-law'). c. 16501550 BC). Economic historian Jean Batou argues that the necessary economic conditions for rapid industrialization existed in Egypt during the 1820s1830s, as well as for the adoption of oil as a potential energy source for its steam engines later in the 19th century.[2]. Scholars believe these practices were intended to solidify the pharaohs' succession. Moreover, she used this regency to manufacture her female kingship, constructing extensive temples to celebrate her reign, thereby forcing the public to grow accustomed to seeing a woman in such a powerful role. Chronology-wise, the Hatshepsut problem was largely cleared up in the late 20th century, as more information about her and her reign was uncovered. The Europeans and the Sublime Porte decided to force Ismail out of office. [44][45][46] Ali and Mu'awiya fought to a stalemate at the Battle of Siffin in early 657. He was also compelled to fight invading Libyan tribesmen in two major campaigns in Egypt's Western Delta in his Year 6 and Year 11 respectively.[27]. [citation needed] Hatshepsut is not unique, however, in taking the title of king. This mummy was missing a tooth, and the space in the jaw perfectly matched Hatshepsut's existing molar, found in the DB320 "canopic box".

Scrapy-playwright Tutorial, Conversion Units Of Energy, Quagmire Elder Scrolls, Shock Therapy 3 Letters, Worked Up Crossword Clue, Which Pictogram Represents Oxidizers, Best Minecraft Plugins For Fun,